Absorption and refraction in an electric field
in Theory of Optical Processes in Semiconductors
January 2003; published online January 2010.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 7310 words.
This chapter first discusses linear and quadratic electro-optic effects in semiconductors using an oscillator model. The Franz–Kledysh effect is then discussed first by neglecting electron-hole...
The absorption and stimulated emission of radiation
in Atomic and Laser Spectroscopy
October 2006; published online September 2007.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 5659 words.
Starting from the absorption of radiation by a classical electron oscillator, Einstein's A and B coefficients for spontaneous and stimulated transitions are introduced. Stimulated transition rates...
Acceleration and longitudinal motion
in Fundamentals of Beam Physics
September 2003; published online January 2010.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 12537 words.
This chapter explains that the acceleration of charged particles based on their interaction with a single travelling electromagnetic wave serves as a powerful model problem for developing an...
Accelerator technology I: magnetostatic devices
in Fundamentals of Beam Physics
September 2003; published online January 2010.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 7146 words.
This chapter provides an overview of the physics and engineering principles behind the types of magnets used in accelerators and beam transport lines. These types of magnets are: magnets that are...
Accelerator technology II: waveguides and cavities
in Fundamentals of Beam Physics
September 2003; published online January 2010.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 17060 words.
This chapter surveys aspects of electromagnetic fields inside of regions bounded by conductors, in scenarios of relevance to accelerator technology. It explains that the discussion was based on...
AFM image artefacts
in Atomic Force Microscopy
March 2010; published online May 2010.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 5689 words.
AFM, like any other measurement technique, is prone to artefacts. These can arise due to the AFM probe, the scanner, the instrument electronics, from the laboratory environment, or from many outer...
AFM image processing and analysis
in Atomic Force Microscopy
March 2010; published online May 2010.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 7953 words.
This chapter describes procedures for image processing, display and analysis. AFM data is particularly suitable for further processing and analysis, and has some particular requirements, due to the...
AFM instrumentation
in Atomic Force Microscopy
March 2010; published online May 2010.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 15677 words.
This chapter describes the design of modern AFM instruments in detail. It shows both how the instruments are built, and how they work. There are descriptions of the mechanical, electronic, and...
AFM modes
in Atomic Force Microscopy
March 2010; published online May 2010.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 13232 words.
The many different imaging modes and experiment types that modern AFMs can carry out explain its popularity. They transform a high‐resolution microscope into a versatile measurements tool that can...
Analog and Digital Photography
in Photographic Science
August 2011; published online January 2012.
Chapter. Subjects: atomic, molecular, and optical physics. 6850 words.
The analysis of the present state of color films as a representative of analogue photography is followed by its comparison with that of digital photography with CCD and CMOS as sensors. Color films...