Two months after starting highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), an individual with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and profound CD4⁺ T lymphocytopenia developed several erythematous plaques on his face, which were due to borderline tuberculoid leprosy with reversal reaction. The temporal association between the development of these lesions and changes in blood CD4⁺ lymphocyte count and plasma HIV-1 load observed during HAART strongly suggests that the presentation of leprosy resulted from immune reconstitution.

Two months after starting highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), an individual with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and profound CD4⁺ T lymphocytopenia developed several erythematous plaques on his face, which were due to borderline tuberculoid leprosy with reversal reaction. The temporal association between the development of these lesions and changes in blood CD4⁺ lymphocyte count and plasma HIV-1 load observed during HAART strongly suggests that the presentation of leprosy resulted from immune reconstitution.