Investigates the new ways of producing technological knowledge that are now operating in society. Beyond understanding the mechanisms at stake in transformation, major conclusions can be drawn for the science and technology policy, particularly for the organization, and incentives within the public research domain. From this perspective, in the first part of the chapter, the main features of the traditional vision of knowledge production are briefly recalled; these are based on the distinction between science and technology on the one hand, and public and private research on the other. The...

Investigates the new ways of producing technological knowledge that are now operating in society. Beyond understanding the mechanisms at stake in transformation, major conclusions can be drawn for the science and technology policy, particularly for the organization, and incentives within the public research domain. From this perspective, in the first part of the chapter, the main features of the traditional vision of knowledge production are briefly recalled; these are based on the distinction between science and technology on the one hand, and public and private research on the other. The second part is devoted to an analysis of the new mode of production of knowledge, which involves (1) increased ways of codifying knowledge that increase the level of externalities, (2) changes in the role and behaviour of private (industrial) and public research, and (3) a reconsideration of incentive mechanisms towards coordination. The last part deduces the consequences of the change of paradigm on public policy.