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Governments have realized the negative impact of early retirement on social expenditures and labor costs, responding with a paradigm shift away from passive labor market policies. Governments seek to reverse early exit by raising the retirement age in pension systems, reforming disability insurance, closing special early retirement programs, activating older workers, and fostering gradual transitions to retirement. These reforms met many obstacles given the entrenched multiple pathways and status quo defense of the social partners, particularly as benefits came to be viewed as acquired rights.
Keywords: early retirement; welfare state reform; paradigm shift; welfare state retrenchment; retirement age; pension systems; gradual retirement; older workers; policy learning
Chapter. 17985 words. Illustrated.
Subjects: Comparative Politics
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