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Lords of Ferrara
Dukes of Ferrara
Dukes of Modena
House of Austria-Este
Chiappini, L., Gli Estensi (Milan, 1967).Gundersheimer, W. L., Ferrara: the Style of a Renaissance Despotism (Princeton, 1973).
1196–1212
Azzo I (marquis of Este as Azzo VI; podestà of Ferrara 1196)
1212–1215
Aldobrandino I (son)
1215–1264
Azzo II, the Younger (brother)
1264–1293
Obizzo I (grandson; lord of Ferrara 1264; of Modena 1289)
1293–1308
Azzo III (son)
1308
Fresco (son; deposed, died 1312; Venetian, then papal rule 1308–17)
1317–1335
Rinaldo (grandson of Obizzo I)
1317–1344
Niccolò I (brother)
1317–1352
Obizzo II (brother)
1352–1361
Aldobrandino III (son)
1361–1370
Ugo (brother)
1361–1388
Niccolò II, the Lame (brother)
1388–1393
Alberto (brother)
1393–1441
Niccolò III (son)
1441–1450
Leonello (son)
1450–1471
Borso (brother; duke of Modena 1452; made duke of Ferrara by pope Paul II1471)
1471–1505
Ercole I (brother)
1505–1534
Alfonso I (son)
1534–1559
Ercole II (son)
1559–1597
Alfonso II (son)
1597–1628
Cesare (grandson of Alfonso I; union of Ferrara with the Papal States 1598)
1628–1629
Alfonso III (son; abdicated, died 1644)
1629–1658
Francis I (son)
1658–1662
Alfonso IV (son)
1662–1694
Francis II (son)
1694–1737
Rinaldo (son of Francis I)
1737–1780
Francis III (son)
1780–1796
Ercole III (son; deposed, died 1803; union with the Cispadane Republic and later regimes 1796–1814)
1814–1846
Francis IV (son of Mary Beatrice, daughter of Ercole III, and Ferdinand, son of emperor Francis I)
1846–1859
Francis V (son; deposed, died 1875; union with the kingdom of Sardinia 1860)
Subjects: History.
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