virus
Overview page. Subjects: Computing.
Program code written to replicate by attaching copies of itself to other objects within the system, and normally also having a detrimental effect. This may range from generation of...
Viruses
in Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
December 2016; p ublished online November 2016 .
Chapter. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Medical Microbiology and Virology. 38671 words.
This chapter provides an overview of viruses, starting with the basics of virology, before moving on to a systematic overview of each virus, covering important aspects of epidemiology,...
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Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus)
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
May 2010; p ublished online May 2012 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 4915 words.
The group of hepatitis viruses includes five unrelated human viruses (A to E), which differ in their genome organization, biology, and epidemiology, while being united by their...
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Epstein–Barr virus
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
May 2010; p ublished online May 2012 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 5566 words.
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus with a linear double-stranded DNA genome that is carried asymptomatically by most people. Symptomless primary infection is usual in...
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Viruses and cancer
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
May 2010; p ublished online May 2012 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 1673 words.
Viruses are important in cancer for three main reasons: (1) As a cause of cancer—about 15% of the worldwide cancer burden is due to viruses: retroviruses can activate cellular...
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Respiratory tract viruses
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
May 2010; p ublished online May 2012 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 8915 words.
Viral respiratory infections, including rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses, are a...
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Newly discovered viruses
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
May 2010; p ublished online May 2012 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 3764 words.
Although humans are affected by an enormous range of microorganisms, almost all newly discovered emerging pathogens are viruses that are often zoonotic or vector-borne. These emerging...
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Influenza B Virus Encephalitis
in Clinical Infectious Diseases
April 1999; p ublished online April 1999 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 0 words.
Acute encephalitis and postinfectious encephalopathy have been reported infrequently in association with influenza A and B virus infections. We report herein a case of a 6-year-old girl...
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Dual Respiratory Virus Infections
in Clinical Infectious Diseases
December 1997; p ublished online December 1997 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 0 words.
We retrospectively reviewed eight prospective epidemiological studies conducted between 1991 and 1995 for dual respiratory virus infection (DRVI) to determine the frequency, associated...
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Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
May 2010; p ublished online August 2014 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 5885 words.
Acute gastroenteritis is frequently caused by rotaviruses, human caliciviruses (noroviruses, sapoviruses), astroviruses and enteric adenoviruses (group F): these cause much disease...
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Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
May 2010; p ublished online May 2012 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 1535 words.
Nipah and Hendra are two related viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family that have their reservoir in large Pteropus fruit bats. Human disease manifests most often as acute encephalitis,...
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Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
P ublished online May 2012 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 5167 words.
Gastroenteritis is frequently caused by rotaviruses, enteric adenoviruses (group F), human caliciviruses (noroviruses, sapoviruses), and astroviruses: these cause much disease worldwide and...
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Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–Barr virus)
in Oxford Textbook of Medicine
May 2010; p ublished online May 2012 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medical Microbiology and Virology; Infectious Diseases. 16511 words.
Eight human herpesviruses, all with a linear double-stranded DNA genome and divided into alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subfamilies on the basis of genomic and biological properties, share...
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Reciprocal Interactions Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infections
in Clinical Infectious Diseases
November 1996; p ublished online November 1996 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 0 words.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share the same routes of transmission, which explains the high rate of HCV and HIV coinfection (∽9%). HIV/HCV...
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GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus Infection in Southern China
in The Journal of Infectious Diseases
January 1997; p ublished online January 1997 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 0 words.
The prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) infection among intravenous drug users (IVDUs), patients with liver diseases, and blood donors in Nanning, southern China was...
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Hepatitis C Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection: Clinical Management Issues
in Clinical Infectious Diseases
July 2000; p ublished online July 2000 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 6312 words.
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended the healthy lifespan of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); deaths among people with AIDS...
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Incident Hepatitis C Virus in Women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
in Clinical Infectious Diseases
November 2003; p ublished online November 2003 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 4190 words.
Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are frequently coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Acute HCV infection is often asymptomatic and poorly...
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BK Virus: A Clinical Review
in Clinical Infectious Diseases
July 2001; p ublished online July 2001 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 9944 words.
We present a review of the clinically oriented literature about BK virus, a relative of JC virus, which is the etiologic agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The...
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Sapporo Virus: History and Recent Findings
in The Journal of Infectious Diseases
May 2000; p ublished online May 2000 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 3479 words.
Morphologically distinct caliciviruses of human origin were first found in stools of children with gastroenteritis in 1976. Sapporo virus, or human calicivirus Sapporo, with typical surface...
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Thermal Stability of Hepatitis E Virus
in The Journal of Infectious Diseases
September 2005; p ublished online September 2005 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 2117 words.
The thermal stability of virulent hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) was compared. Fecal suspensions of virus were heated to temperatures between 45°C and 70°C, and...
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Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Is Related to Virus Strain
in The Journal of Infectious Diseases
April 1997; p ublished online April 1997 .
Journal Article. Subjects: Infectious Diseases; Immunology; Public Health and Epidemiology; Microbiology. 0 words.
The relationship between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strain and disease severity was assessed in 265 hospitalized infants over a 3-year period (1988–1991). A severity index of...
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